An ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Qalqilia district, a semicoastal area in the northern West Bank, Palestine from January 2006 to April 2007. The study aimed at evaluating the current status of the Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) in the Qalqilia District, determining medicinal plants still in use, their primary health care importance at the household level, economic value, conservation status, and their healing potentials. The work also aimed at documenting and preserving the traditional knowledge associated with the use of medicinal plants before its disappearance. Information was collected from 200 people: 174 women and 26 men, using specially designed questionnaires. The participants included 3 local healers, and 197 well known informants. One hundred and sixteen medicinal plants were reported to be used as a cure for 62 ailments. The studied plants belong to 46 families and 103 genera. The fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level (RPL), and rank order priority (ROP) of the medicinal plants were determined. Based on their FL values, the following plants were the most frequently utilized plants: Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol., Ficus sycomorus L., Pyrus communis L., Abelmoschus esculantus L., Oryza sativa L., Corylus avellana L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Salvadora persica L., Arachis hypogea L., Lepidium sativum L., Spinacia oleraceae L., and Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. Based on their RPL values, the following plants can be considered popular plants: Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Anisum vulgare L., Camellia thea Link., Ceratonia siliqua L., Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Fil, Coffea arabica L., Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin., Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip., Mentha spicata L., Olea europaea L., Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., Ricinus communis L., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Sesamum indicum L., and Trigonella foenum- graecum L. The remaining plants were considered less popular. Based on ROP values, and primary use, the following medicinal plants were considered to be the most effective: Ceratonia siliqua L. (ROP= 92.9), Sesamum indicum L. (92), Cucumis sativus L. (85.6), Salvia fruticosa Mill. (86.2), Camellia thea Link. (81.6), Anisum vulgare L. (79.6), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (75.7), Teucrium polium L. (75.2), Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex DC. (74.3), Allium cepa L. (73.8), Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin. (73.3), and Coffea arabica L. (70.3). The most frequently utilized plant parts were leaves 38.8 %, followed by fruits 25%, and seeds 24.1 %. The majority of remedies were used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, 97 plants (83.6 %) followed by skin related health problems, 77 plants (66.4%), and reproductive system, 68 plants (58.6%). This probably indicates a high incidence of these types of ailments in the region due to poor socio-economic and sanitary conditions of these people. Fifteen animal or mineral materials were also found to be used in the TAPHM for the treatment of human ailments.
Thursday, January 14, 2010
Medical Waste Management in Primary HealthCare Centers and Private Clinics: Jenin District as a Case Study
This study was carried out during the period from March to October 2007 in Jenin district, aimed to review the current situation of the management of the medical wastes (M.W.) that is generated in the primary health care centers (PHCs) and private clinics (Pr.C.). The study showed in Jenin district lack of administration of medical waste capabilities, technical and financial ability for a good and strong management of medical wastes, and lack of joint cooperation between the governmental organizations responsible for the health sector in Jenin district as Ministry of Heath, Ministry of Local Governance, Palestinian Environmental Quality Authority and other organizations. The study showed also that most workers in the public services sector do not follow the proper methods of transferring of medical waste, indicating urgent need for the education and training on a right basis and safe methods for the dealing process with medical wastes. The second part of this study shows that PHCs generate an average 0.830 kg. Of medical waste per primary health care center per day, where was the average of generated medical waste of private clinic about 0.350 kg. per private clinics per day . Therefore, the annual generation rate of MW in Jenin district from primary health care centers and private clinics could reach more than 61 tons / year of hazardous materials generated in the district. These results indicate a clear evidence for the need for a good management of medical wastes in Jenin district that can preserve the human health and the clean environment.
The exposure of Farmers and their families to pesticides in an agricultural community
Continuous use of chemicals such as pesticides has resulted in harmful effects to the environment, caused human illness, and impacted negatively the agricultural production and its sustainability. Farmers and their families are likely to be exposed to agricultural chemicals, even if they are not involved in farm activities. They have higher chances for exposure, directly or indirectly, to pesticides. Analysis were conducted on fourty three of soil samples collected from several places such as open fields, inside the greenhouses, and nine dust samples collected from the houses, the pesticides stores, and the vehicles of the farmers in the area. Soil and dust samples were collected from three agricultural areas in eastern Nablus district i.e. Al-Fara'a, Al-Bathan, and An-Nassariyya. The samples were analyzed for the presence of the most widely used pesticides by the farmers in the study area. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry GC/MS. The detected pesticides were methamidophos, chlorpyrifos, penconazol, endosulfan, and triademanol. Most of the analyzed samples showed considerable residues of the five pesticides. A questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and toxicity symptoms related to pesticide practice among fifty farmers in the area. Analysis of the returned completed questionnaire revealed that there was a relation between answers of it and the pesticide residues in the soil and dust of the study area. It was concluded that most of the farmers and their families reported suffering from toxicity symptoms due to the exposure to extensive amounts of pesticides. Additionally, farmers reported that they have misused and mishandled these pesticides despite their knowledge about the adverse impact that could result. The highest percentage of self-reported toxicity symptoms was found among the farmers who do not wear protective clothes during the pesticides applications. Prevention and intervention programmes would include health education regarding the use of protective gear and monitoring the health status of farmers exposed to pesticides.
Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite Content in Several Vegetables in Tulkarm District
A study of the content of nitrate and nitrite in few different vegetables in Tulkarm district was conducted. This district is part of the West Bank land (Palestine). A total of 75 samples of five different types of vegetables (tomato, cucumber, onion, potato, and cabbage) were collected from randomly selected farms in three different areas in Tulkarm district (Thenabe, Al-Sha'raweya, and Al-Kafriyat). The nitrate content in the samples was analyzed using HANNA spectrophotometer (HI93728-0), while the nitrite content was analyzed using the AOAC Official Method 973.31. The results showed that the type of the vegetable has a great effect on the nitrate content, the highest nitrate content was found in potato with an average of 253.13mg/Kg, while the lowest nitrate content was found in tomato with an average of 16.95mg/Kg. The nitrate content was affected by fruit size; the small cucumber size shows a higher nitrate content than the large size fruits; It was found that the peels of the cucumber fruits contain higher nitrate content than the essence. Cabbage as a leafy vegetable shows a high nitrate content. The nitrite concentrations were low (less than 1mg/Kg) in all test crops. These levels of nitrite are considered acceptable. The different locations show no significant effect on the nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables tested in this study. This study high lights an important issue which was not investigated before. Under the conditions of the study, the results indicated acceptable levels of both nitrate and nitrite content. However more work is needed to elaborate these results with more samples and different crops.
Evaluation Of Solid Waste Management In Qalqilia District
This study describes the problems, issues and challenges of MSWM faced by local authorities in Qalqilia district. Approaches of possible solutions that can be undertaken to improve MSW services are discussed. The study consists of a public survey, survey and discussions with local authorities staff involved in waste management, determination of waste composition by segregation of 30 samples from 5 sites, review of documents and field observation. The study provides information on MSW collection services availability and waste disposal practices in Qalqilia district. It was found that little or no consideration of environmental impacts was paid in the selection of dumpsites. Inspection and monitoring of the dumpsites was not consistent, 46.2% of local authorities dispose waste in open random dumps without any further treatment and 15.4% of local authorities disposes waste in open random dumps and then burn it. 100% of local authorities employ workers in the MSW services without any training and they do not train them later to do their work but they obtain the experience from experiment and from their companion, so they are usually exposed to danger. The collection workers and the vehicle are divided between small localities. Little numbers of waste containers is available in most localities. MSW collection frequency in several villages is around or below 2 times per week. The overall average MSW generation rate per capita for 26 localities in Qalqilia district is 1.46 kg per person per day. The results obtained indicate that more than 83% of MSW could potentially be either recycled or composted. It was noticed that MSWM budget ranges between (3% to 9%) of the total budget and about 42.3% of localities has a MSWM budget less than 3% of the total budget, 34.6% between 3% and 6% and 15.4 between 6% and 9%. Involvement of public is important to achieve any meaningful and sustainable MSWM also explored. Results also show that 97.3% of residents are willing to pay more for better service and 60.6% of residents are willing to separate wastes into organic and inorganic without money but 18.6% are willing with little money. 71.6% of residents are ready to transform organic wastes to natural fertilizer if they were trained.
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination in the West Bank, Palestine
This study assesses the groundwater pollution risk in the West Bank, Palestine. The combined use of DRASTIC model and geographic information system (GIS) was adopted for this purpose. Seven thematic maps of the DRASTIC model were developed in order to asses the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination and these include the depth to water table, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity. The GIS technology was used to create an integrated vulnerability map of the West Bank to demarcate vulnerable zones. The result shows that 90% of the study area is at low risk of pollution while 10% is at moderate risk. This indicates that our groundwater resources are safe. The study demonstrated that GIS technology is an efficient environment for analyses and precise processing of spatial data. The thesis also included a comprehensive literature review regarding the different concepts and approaches for assessing groundwater vulnerability to contamination.
Biological Control of Gray Mold, Blue Mold & Rhizopus Soft Rot on Grape, Pear, Kiwi, Strawberry by Trichoderma harzianum
This research aimed at evaluation of biological effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum against the gray mold, blue mold and rhizopus soft rot caused by B. cinerea, P. expansum and R. stolonifer, respectively, on four types of fruits (Grape, Pear, Kiwi, and strawberry). Also, it aimed at determination of the minimum protection period from infection with gray mold, blue mold and Rhizopus soft rot on the same types of fruits. T. harzianum was applied in form of invert emulsion (water- in- oil formulation) after being introduced into the emulsion in form of conidia, in addition to using non-formulated form of the fungus. The experiments of evaluation of efficacy was carried out under laboratory conditions
(18± 2 °C) and 16 hours of illumination per day under humid conditions (100٪). Results obtained have demonstrated that the treatment with the fungus ( T. harzianum) formulated in invert emulsion reduced significantly gray mold, blue mold and Rhizopus soft rot lesion diameter compared to other treatments. Significant differences (P<>
Biological Control of Rhizopus Soft Rot on Apple, Pear and Peach by Trichoderma harzianum
This research aimed at evaluation of biological effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum against the Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer. Also, it aimed at determination of minimum protection period from infection with Rhizopus soft rot on three types of fruits (apple, pear, and peach). The fungus was mainly applied in form of invert emulsion (water - in - oil formulation) after being introduced into the emulsion in form of conidia in addition to using formulated and non – formulated forms of the fungus. The experiments (evaluation of efficacy) was carried out under laboratory conditions (20 + 2°C and 30 + 2°C). Results obtained have demonstrated that the fungus (Trichoderma harzianum) formulated in invert emulsion was effective in reducing Rhizopus soft rot lesion diameter compared to other treatments. Significant differences (P?0.05) were obtained in reducing the lesion diameters of Rhizopus soft rot treated with Trichoderma in invert emulsion in copmarsion with the control treatment. Results have also indicated that Trichoderma formulated in invert emulsion on unwounded apple fruits gave the longest minimum protection period against Rhizopus soft rot disease, which demonstrated the biological effectivness of Trichoderma harzianum. More over, it is recommended to confirm the efficacy of the fungus against R. stolonifer especially in the formulated form under a wide range of temperatures and relative humidities, in addition to controlled atmosphere conditions and using other fungal strains of T. harzianum against R. stolonifer in the same formulation and may be other formulations can be also tested. Using other kinds of fruits also may expand the knowledge and verify the concept of biological control.
Effects of Occupational Noise Exposure on Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, and Hearing Threshold Levels of Workers in Selected Industrial Plants in Jenin C
This study reports the relationship between occupational noise level with arterial blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), pulse rate, and hearing threshold levels for workers in industrial plants in Jenin region. Accurate measurements for the noise levels were performed. The noise level lies between (78.2-98.5) decibels. Then Random sample of 15 plants were chosen to represent the different noise levels. The blood pressure, pulse rate, and hearing threshold levels at different frequencies were measured before and after exposure to noise for six to eight hours. Strong positive correlation (Pearson Correlation Coefficient) was found for most of the measured variables. The systolic blood pressure mean for the experimental sample is increased by 4.5 mmHg, while the diastolic blood pressure mean is increased by 5.1 mmHg, the pulse rate mean is increased by 9.1 beats/minute. The hearing threshold levels also shows a decrease mean of (1.2 to 5.8) decibels.
The Use of Multivariate Analysis of Variance to Aid Species separation in the genus Pythium
ABSTRACT
One hundred and forty seven isolates belonging to forty one species of Pythium were used in this study. Pythium isolates were recovered from soil from the Palestinian West Bank and Gaza using the VP3 selective medium and the surface-soil-dilution plating technique.
The isolates were used to test the robustness of the biometric approach and to examine the taxonomic value of biometric characters.
Morphological characteristics including oogonium and oospore diameters, oospore wall thickness and derived indices (oospore wall index and aplerotic index) were used.
The biometric parameter set which consists of oogonium and oospore diameters and oospore wall thickness were all of taxonomic value for the separation of species. This was clearly shown from canonical variate plots and cluster analysis.
By using multivariate analysis of variance in this study inter and intra specific variations among Pythium species were demonstrated. However, according to dendrogram and canonical variate plots some of Pythium species were separated. Despite intra-specific variation, good species separation was obtained.
Multivariate analysis of variance is shown in this study to be a useful technique of taxonomic value for the separation of Pythium species.
Medical Waste Management in Primary HealthCare Centers and Private Clinics: Jenin District as a Case Study
Abstract
This study was carried out during the period from March to October 2007 in Jenin district, aimed to review the current situation of the management of the medical wastes (M.W.) that is generated in the primary health care centers (PHCs) and private clinics (Pr.C.).
The study showed in Jenin district lack of administration of medical waste capabilities, technical and financial ability for a good and strong management of medical wastes, and lack of joint cooperation between the governmental organizations responsible for the health sector in Jenin district as Ministry of Heath, Ministry of Local Governance, Palestinian Environmental Quality Authority and other organizations.
The study showed also that most workers in the public services sector do not follow the proper methods of transferring of medical waste, indicating urgent need for the education and training on a right basis and safe methods for the dealing process with medical wastes.
The second part of this study shows that PHCs generate an average 0.830 kg. Of medical waste per primary health care center per day, where was the average of generated medical waste of private clinic about 0.350 kg. per private clinics per day .
Therefore, the annual generation rate of MW in Jenin district from primary health care centers and private clinics could reach more than 61 tons / year of hazardous materials generated in the district.
These results indicate a clear evidence for the need for a good management of medical wastes in Jenin district that can preserve the human health and the clean environment.
Ecological Investigations on Terresterial Arthropod Biodiversity Under Different Grassland Ecosystems in El-Fara' Area (Palestine
Abstract
Background: Despite the importance of arthropods in grassland ecosystems, few studies have examined how grassland arthropods have been impacted by disturbances in the Wadi Afara in the West Bank
Objectives: This work was aimed at studying the effects of animal grazing on arthropod diversity, including species composition, species richness and species diversity, in a semi-arid Mediterranean grassland ecosystem at Alfara' area in the Palestinian West Bank.
Methodology: The field work was conducted at the Tallouza village, located in the north-eastern part of the West-Bank. The experiment was established in 2006 in an area of about 2000 donums of a mainly grassland ecosystem usually used for grazing sheep and goats herds, under different land use management systems: recently fenced grassland, undisturbed natural grassland, and recently reclaimed agricultural land. Within this area, three sites (2000m² each) with similar topographic and edaphic features were selected to study the effect of land use management practices on arthropods diversity including species composition, species richness and species diversity: one site was previously a part of a grassland suffering from grazing by mainly sheep and goats herds. In October 2005 the land was fenced and protected from any agricultural practices or grazing; a second site was under grazing for the last 25 years, and the third site was undisturbed natural grassland where no human activities, agricultural practices or grazing had taken place for the last 5 years. Terrestrial arthropod communities were sampled seasonally at the three sites using pitfall traps, over the period of Apr 2006 to Apr 2007. One year of collections at comparison sites were used to quantify the seasonal variation of arthropod species and these parameters were correlated with climatic and edaphic conditions.
Results and discussion: Arthropods communities were found to be sensitive to livestock grazing. Overall population levels of arthropods were highest in the the undisturbed natural grassland, followed by grazed grasslands, and the fenced grassland. Certain insect orders (Coleoptera and Hymenoptera) were generally, negatively impacted by livestock grazing. However, members of the family (Carabidea, ground beetles) (order Coleoptera) especially Carabus impressus, were richer in grazed sites. On the other hand families of Hymenoptera like (Sphegidae, Cephidea and Apiddae) were not detected in the grazed grassland. On the other hand the unidentified species (Form 5) of the family (Formicidae) found only in the grazed grassland.
A significant seasonal variation pattern was detected for total arthropod populations (P<0.05)>
Conclusion: Grazing has a considerable impact on the biodiversity of grassland arthropods in Alfara’ area. Some of the insect components, especially Carbus impressus, of the family Carabidae (order Coleoptera) are well adapted to grazing disturbance, and therefore can be used as bioindicators of habitat disturbance such as grazing.
Studies on Folkloric Medicinal Plants Used by Palestinians in the Qalqilia District
ABSTRACT
An ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Qalqilia district, a semicoastal area in the northern West Bank, Palestine from January 2006 to April 2007. The study aimed at evaluating the current status of the Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) in the Qalqilia District, determining medicinal plants still in use, their primary health care importance at the household level, economic value, conservation status, and their healing potentials. The work also aimed at documenting and preserving the traditional knowledge associated with the use of medicinal plants before its disappearance. Information was collected from 200 people: 174 women and 26 men, using specially designed questionnaires. The participants included 3 local healers, and 197 well known informants. One hundred and sixteen medicinal plants were reported to be used as a cure for 62 ailments. The studied plants belong to 46 families and 103 genera. The fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level (RPL), and rank order priority (ROP) of the medicinal plants were determined. Based on their FL values, the following plants were the most frequently utilized plants: Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol., Ficus sycomorus L., Pyrus communis L., Abelmoschus esculantus L., Oryza sativa L., Corylus avellana L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Salvadora persica L., Arachis hypogea L., Lepidium sativum L., Spinacia oleraceae L., and Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill. Based on their RPL values, the following plants can be considered popular plants: Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Anisum vulgare L., Camellia thea Link., Ceratonia siliqua L., Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Fil, Coffea arabica L., Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin., Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip., Mentha spicata L., Olea europaea L., Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., Ricinus communis L., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Sesamum indicum L., and Trigonella foenum- graecum L. The remaining plants were considered less popular. Based on ROP values, and primary use, the following medicinal plants were considered to be the most effective: Ceratonia siliqua L. (ROP= 92.9), Sesamum indicum L. (92), Cucumis sativus L. (85.6), Salvia fruticosa Mill. (86.2), Camellia thea Link. (81.6), Anisum vulgare L. (79.6), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (75.7), Teucrium polium L. (75.2), Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex DC. (74.3), Allium cepa L. (73.8), Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin. (73.3), and Coffea arabica L. (70.3). The most frequently utilized plant parts were leaves 38.8 %, followed by fruits 25%, and seeds 24.1 %. The majority of remedies were used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, 97 plants (83.6 %) followed by skin related health problems, 77 plants (66.4%), and reproductive system, 68 plants (58.6%). This probably indicates a high incidence of these types of ailments in the region due to poor socio-economic and sanitary conditions of these people. Fifteen animal or mineral materials were also found to be used in the TAPHM for the treatment of human ailments.
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
Development of the Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology in Accordance with the Development and Needs Environmental of the Palestinian Societ
Abstract
This study is about the environmental impact assessment (EIA) which is required as a prerequisite for any development project by most of the international and local institutions prior to the approval of the project implementation. The Palestinian Environmental law has clearly stated the necessity for EIA studies in accordance with the Palestinian strategy for Environmental Assessment.
The study evaluates Palestinian Methodology for environmental assessment and its different and approval procedure. It also evaluates the EIA contents, procedures and policies in comparison to the Jordanian and Egyptian Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies and policies.
The study has analyzed the data and information collected about the different EIA studies that has been prepared by the consultancy Firms in the West Bank and those submitted and approved by the Palestinian Environmental Authority> The studies have been listed and evaluated according to their subjects, evaluation results and the development of these studies in accordance with the Palestinian society development and environmental needs.
After that, the researcher has applied questionnaire about the public participation in the environmental assessment process. Using the statistical package SPSSM the researcher has analyzed the reasons of public participation, its requirements, procedures and the different factors affecting its application.
The study has concluded several recommendations for developing the EIA methodology in accordance with the Palestinian development and environmental needs. These recommendations include suggestions for developing the consultancy firms, the approval procedure, requirements and analyses towards developing the environmental assessment methodology in Palestine.
The exposure of Farmers and their families to pesticides
Abstract
Continuous use of chemicals such as pesticides has resulted in harmful effects to the environment, caused human illness, and impacted negatively the agricultural production and its sustainability. Farmers and their families are likely to be exposed to agricultural chemicals, even if they are not involved in farm activities. They have higher chances for exposure, directly or indirectly, to pesticides.
Analysis were conducted on fourty three of soil samples collected from several places such as open fields, inside the greenhouses, and nine dust samples collected from the houses, the pesticides stores, and the vehicles of the farmers in the area.
Soil and dust samples were collected from three agricultural areas in eastern Nablus district i.e. Al-Fara'a, Al-Bathan, and An-Nassariyya. The samples were analyzed for the presence of the most widely used pesticides by the farmers in the study area. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry GC/MS. The detected pesticides were methamidophos, chlorpyrifos, penconazol, endosulfan, and triademanol. Most of the analyzed samples showed considerable residues of the five pesticides.
A questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and toxicity symptoms related to pesticide practice among fifty farmers in the area. Analysis of the returned completed questionnaire revealed that there was a relation between answers of it and the pesticide residues in the soil and dust of the study area. It was concluded that most of the farmers and their families reported suffering from toxicity symptoms due to the exposure to extensive amounts of pesticides. Additionally, farmers reported that they have misused and mishandled these pesticides despite their knowledge about the adverse impact that could result. The highest percentage of self-reported toxicity symptoms was found among the farmers who do not wear protective clothes during the pesticides applications.
Prevention and intervention programmes would include health education regarding the use of protective gear and monitoring the health status of farmers exposed to pesticides.
Technical Evaluation for the Re-use of Wastewater
Abstract
The current study was conducted in order to recognize the procedures used in Albereh sewage treatment plant for purification of wastewater and to evaluate the environmental impact of this station on humans in the surrounding area. The study also aimed at evaluating the possibility for the re-use of treated wastewater for various human uses.
The researcher collected raw materials and data from various resources including specialists working in the field within the treatment plant. The study supported by obtaining water samples at the various stages of treatment to be analyzed and tested. The stages in the plant include various steps:
At the beginning, wastewater arrives at the station through the sewage networks including wastewater from kitchen, bathrooms, toilets washing machines and factories.
1. Sieving stage: at this stage separation of other waste products carried out from the basin through two mechanical sieving machines, which remove all plastic, stones, and other materials that do not belong to the sewage network.
2. Precipitation grooves: precipitated particle in these groves usually pumped out and remaining water left out for shot period and allowed to flow at low rate.
3. Ventilation tank: this stage represent the basic principle for biological treatment as bacterial growth and degradation for wastewater begins yielding slimy precipitates
1. Filtration stage: at this stage, water separated from the slimy precipitate, which recycled again to the filtration tanks.
1. Condensation stage: after degradation of wastewater, condensation of precipitated materials is carried out in order to reduce the volume of materials to be treated at a later stage and to reduce the water content of precipitated materials
2. The stage of water removal: water is separated at this stage through the use of pressure and mechanical filtration aided by the use of additional accessory materials
3. Mechanical treatment stage: this includes the exposure wastewater to ultraviolet light which in turn harmful bacteria from spreading to ground water and the surrounding valleys, however this stage was not functioning at the time of study
The results of the analyzed samples of the current study showed that the treatment station is working in good satisfactory level, proved to be capable through the various working stages to get red of water contaminants, and resulted in re-usable water for use in agricultural cleaning of streets purposes. However, if the last stage was working the yielded water might be even for human usage. Solid wastes are also safe to be used as fertilizers.
The treatment plant also carried out experimental work on purified water in order to evaluate the possibility of its re-use. Their results proved that the treatment plant is satisfactory and the purified water can be used for irrigation purposes without constituting any harm or spreading of disease, thus, the treatment plant achieved its two major goals; first to prevent pollution and secondly re-use of treated water that helps in solving water crises in the Palestinian territories.
Evaluation Of Solid Waste Management In
Abstract
This study describes the problems, issues and challenges of MSWM faced by local authorities in Qalqilia district. Approaches of possible solutions that can be undertaken to improve MSW services are discussed. The study consists of a public survey, survey and discussions with local authorities staff involved in waste management, determination of waste composition by segregation of 30 samples from 5 sites, review of documents and field observation. The study provides information on MSW collection services availability and waste disposal practices in Qalqilia district.
It was found that little or no consideration of environmental impacts was paid in the selection of dumpsites. Inspection and monitoring of the dumpsites was not consistent, 46.2% of local authorities dispose waste in open random dumps without any further treatment and 15.4% of local authorities disposes waste in open random dumps and then burn it. 100% of local authorities employ workers in the MSW services without any training and they do not train them later to do their work but they obtain the experience from experiment and from their companion, so they are usually exposed to danger. The collection workers and the vehicle are divided between small localities. Little numbers of waste containers is available in most localities. MSW collection frequency in several villages is around or below 2 times per week. The overall average MSW generation rate per capita for 26 localities in Qalqilia district is 1.46 kg per person per day. The results obtained indicate that more than 83% of MSW could potentially be either recycled or composted. It was noticed that MSWM budget ranges between (3% to 9%) of the total budget and about 42.3% of localities has a MSWM budget less than 3% of the total budget, 34.6% between 3% and 6% and 15.4 between 6% and 9%. Involvement of public is important to achieve any meaningful and sustainable MSWM also explored. Results also show that 97.3% of residents are willing to pay more for better service and 60.6% of residents are willing to separate wastes into organic and inorganic without money but 18.6% are willing with little money. 71.6% of residents are ready to transform organic wastes to natural fertilizer if they were trained.
The Impact of Grazing and Land Reclamation on Natural Plant Biodiversity in Al-Fara’a Area
Abstract
This study was carried out in Tallouza village which located in the Wadi El-Far’a area in West Bank in order to study the effect of grazing and land reclamation on natural vegetation diversity during two growing seasons (2005-2006 and 2006-2007). Four sites of grassland ecosystem of different type of land use (reclaimed grassland, recently no-grazing grassland, under-grazing grassland, natural reserved grassland) were selected. Vegetation and soil sampling were carried out in mid April for each growing season, data about amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature were collected for the area during the two growing season. Vegetation sampling and above ground biomasses were determined by using quadrate method. Braun-Blanquet scale was used to visually estimate the relative vegetation cover of each species. The study showed that vegetation composition and percent vegetation cover differ between the sites. Percent vegetation cover was significantly increased in recently no-grazing grassland when compared it with under-grazing grassland and the highest percent vegetation cover was in the natural reserved grassland, and this was indicator for the high potential of this grassland for the rehabilitation in few years when we exclude grazing. Species diversity, evenness, above ground biomass and density were significantly higher in the recently no-grazing grassland and natural reserved grassland than under-grazing grassland. Agricultural activities, especially ploughing were justifying the low natural species diversity evenness, above ground biomass and density in reclaimed grassland. Species found in under-grazing grassland were mostly low palatable to grazing animals, mostly small, prostrate or rosette plants while in natural reserve grassland mostly palatable to grazing animals, mostly tall and erect plants. The vegetation cover observed in mid April 2007 was higher than mid April 2006 at natural reserve grassland and recently no-grazing grassland were due to the differences in distribution of precipitation in the two growing seasons and grazing exclusion.
There was no significant difference between the sites in the edaphic factors, so we didn’t know the effect of these factors on natural vegetation diversity in the area.
Socio-economic Study for the Desertification Control Project’s Sites in Hebron Area
Abstract
A lot of indicators are available on the ground, indicating that desertification is prevailing especially in the southern part of the West Bank. Hebron area, in general, is suffering from desertation conditions, due to many human activities, political, weather, economic, social factors, in addition to limitations and restrictions imposed by the Israeli occupation and due to its location in the Mediterranean Sea Basin weather. This basin is characterized by its humidity and coldness in winter, and dryness and hotness in summer.
To that end, a project for combating desertification was implemented in Hebron Distinct. The “Land Desertification Control” project was executed with special reference to the most suffering locations, and considering their geographic distribution. This study is a socio–economic one; it was undertaken for this project since it (the project) was built on socio–economic objectives. Accordingly, a tool was needed to measure the project’s contribution to the socio-economic aspects of the study society, which contains all targeted families distributed in Al Dahria, Sureef, Samu’ and Bani Naim.
This study was undertaken to analyze the socio-economic content of the project area through sensitive and measurable indicators for the following aspects: (location and residence, mouse and family, services, ownership, crops, biodiversity, agricultural practices, income, animal breeding, technical extension, environmental aspects, woman participation difficulties and proposed solutions), in addition to project impact on these aspects and reasons caused desertification directly and in directly. This study is also aimed at, producing detailed information regarding the socio–economic status of the area and accordingly to identify causes of area desertification, to propose strategies and measures for halting desertification in accordance with participatory activities towards a sustainable development of the area, determination of threats and weaknesses that face the desertification control efforts.
A set of tools were used by the researcher so as to execute this task. Of which a detailed questioner discussing all socio–economic aspect was designed and used in the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) approach. Collecting this information was done by the researcher her self in person. After collecting this char
Biological Control of Rhizoctonia Solani and Sclerotium Rolfsii by Using Local Isolates of Trichoderma Spp
Abstract
The bioagent, Trichoderma species are known antagonists of other fungi, and have been shown to be very potent biocontrol agents of several soil borne plant pathogenic fungi under both greenhouse and field conditions. One hundred sixty nine soil samples from irrigated fields in the West Bank were collected for the recovering of Trichoderma fungal species using Trichoderma selective media (TSM). Forty-seven local Trichoderma isolates were isolated.
The antagonistic potential of the local isolates against the phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii was investigated in dual culture and bioassay on bean plants. Application of testing isolates as a conidial suspension (3*106) greatly reduced the disease index of bean plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii in different rates by a percentage of 65% and 67%, respectively.
The results revealed that the variation of antagonistic potential between isolates was due to the variation in mycelium-coiling rate, sporulation, fungitoxic metabolites, induced growth response and temperature effect. In dual culture, most effective isolate (Jn14) overgrew the pathogens R. solani and S. rolfsii at 30 and 25 oC respectively. In addition, results showed that Jn14 and T36 were the most effective isolates at 25 °C and inhibited R. solani and S. rolfsii mycelial growth at a percentage of 79% and 94.7% respectively due to fungitoxic metabolites production. Sporulation of the isolates reached a peak at 30 °C and decreased at 35 °C. The maximum absolute spore production were 1.5*109 spore / ml by the isolate Jn14 at 30 °C. The Effect of Trichoderma on bean seedlings growth was obvious; height was nearly doubled (160% - 200%), while fresh and dry weight were increased by 133% - 217% respectively. in plant. Germination of bean seeds treated with Trichoderma isolates occurred about four days earlier than those in untreated soil.
Investigation of Occupational Health andBethlehem and Hebron Districts SafetyHazards among Domestic Waste Collectors in
The present study aimed to investigate all types of wastes collected (households, commercial, industrial, and biomedical) and their potential health hazards at domestic waste collectors in Bethlehem and Hebron districts. It also aimed to investigate the ways used in collecting waste and the safety measures which was taken while collecting waste.
A self designed questionnaire was used to study, and investigate the occupational health and safety hazards. The target population was (370) of domestic waste collectors, waste drivers, and their direct supervisors. A convenience sample of 209 was taken (non probability sampling).
The study showed that household and commercial wastes are the most wastes collected at 98.1% and 97.1% respectively. It also showed that most waste collectors do not wear face mask (98.6%), overall (85.5%), rubber boot (78.9%), and protective gloves (45%). The study also showed that waste collectors suffered from different types of diseases and symptoms, such as sore throat, cough, and high temperature (55.3%), diarrhea or bloody stool (27.9%), shortness of breath (25%), and skin disease (20.2%). Waste collectors were prone to different injuries, such as hit by any hard or sharp objects (61.1%), lift more than their capacity (37.4%), and fall while pulling or pushing the waste trolley (35.6%). The study also showed that waste collectors whom were stuck with hard objects (21.6%), pricked by hypodermic needles (20.2%), twisted ankle while on duty (34.1%), and suffered from a muscle tear (22.1%). It showed that (93.8%) of waste collectors were not vaccinated for tetanus and (85.6%) were not vaccinated for hepatitis.
In conclusion, waste collectors face a tremendous health challenges. Waste collectors with middle age and with low level of education were at higher risk.
Full Article
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Biodiversity of Wheat In Palestine.
The effect of different fertilizer treatments was studied on the growth and productivity of several wheat varieties . Among these varieties three were of local races (Baladi) and the rest were of the commonly cultivated varieties (Anbar, 870). One level of manufactured organic fertilizer (450kg/dunum) compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment, a combination of both organic and chemical treatment was also included. The experiment was conducted at Biet Qad station. The treatments were randomized in a completely randomized Design (CRD).
The experiment revealed the positive effect of organic fertilizer alone and in combination with chemical fertilizer. The production was 1069, and 1070 kg/dunum, respectively. The results also showed significant differences Among the productivity of the different varities. Regarding tiller numbers, spike number, and spike length differences were also exhibited among the different fertilizer treatments. The fertilizer treatments didn’t affect the plant length, number of seeds per spike and the weight of 1000 seeds. The harvest index was similar for the three local varieties, however, both Anbar and 870 varieties have a higher harvesting index than the other varieties, similar harvest index was obtained in the chemical treatment.
The result of this work proved the ability of the local wheat varieties to grow, produce and respond to both organic and chemical fertilizer. The seed content of protien and potassium didn’t differ among the different treatment. On the other hand, the soil analysis revealed a higher nitrate content in the samples obtained from (chemical+ organic) treatment
Environmental Impoct Assesment of Separation wall Which built in Wast Bank
This research handled the study and analysing of the environmental effects resulted from building the separating wall and according to the circumstances the Palestinian citixens live especially during the second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada) the various effects resulted and which the last one of then was erecting the recial separation wall on the Palestinian citizens' lands.
The importance of this study for the Palestinians hides in that the wall is the thing which caused them to lose their living resorerces land and water, uprooting their trees and it separated them and caused them to leve in contons, the matter which destroyed their economy and environment, whereas the Zoinist entity fobernment built this wall on the Palestinian citizens lands and among their villages and tonses. For this its effects were destructive for man, animal, trees and stone.
The problem did not only confine to the persons whose houses were destroyed and lands were eroded and their trees were uprooted, but it also surpassed and their effects were apparent on a big sector of the Palestinian people, and it is confine that it studies the case of the Gitizen who was harmed because of the wall but it studies the effect of the wall on the Palestinian environment as a whole as it stadies thae effect of the wall on animals and wild plants and even on th air, water and Pastares.
This study aimed at acquainting with the environmental effects resulted form building whe separating wall on the Palestinian people's lands and evaluating the extent of the wall effect on the Palestinian environment and limiting the environmental risks resulted from erecting the wall. But as for the time and place, this study dealt with the effects resulted from erecting the separating wall in the period 2003-2004, and it includer there gorenorates: Jenin, Qalqiliah, Jerusalem by a lot.
The effects were great as it percentage on it was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector greatly, and on the environmental sector it was great and with great loss.
Table (34) illustrates that the effects were great as the respanse percentage was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector was great. But as for the effects on the enveronmental sector were great but less effective comparable with the other hygienic, environmeatal, water, agricultural and economical sectors as the response percentage reached to 70.41%. As for the educational considerations, the study results indicate that the response percentage reaches to 74.42%, and this indicates that, the effect on the educational sector was big. As for the water consideratins, the study indicates that this sector was the most a ffected one by the wall as the response percentage was 78.19% and this percentage is considered of the highest percentages after the agriculteral and economical considerations.
The results of table (34) indicates that the agricalteal sector was one of the most harmed as the response percentage was 78.52% and this assures that the basic goal was to annex the Palestinian lands and destray the table lands. But as for the social and environmental considerations, the result of this study indicates that this sector was the most harmed comparable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 79.68%. But as for the considerations of establishments, the study indicates that this sector is one of the least affected by the wall companable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 57.75%. this shows that the establishments were less affected of the study reslts, there have been lear idfferences with a statistical indication (0.05) between the wall erection and the life standard attribut to democile change (city, village) especially in the hygienic effects between the villages and cities as the effect on the villages is greater and is attributed to centralizing the hygienic services in the cities.
It has also been clarified that there were differences with statistical indication at level (0.05) between the wall building and life standard ettributed to the variety of work natere between the suplayee and merchant for the employee's sake.
Synergetic effects of plant extracts and antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens
Abstract
This research focuses on antimicrobial activity of different water plant extracts: Psidium guajava, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia fruticosa, Majorana syriaca, Ocimum basilucum, Syzygium aromaticum, Laurus nobilis, and Rosa damascena alone and then synergy testing of these extracts with known antimicrobial agents of different mechanisms (protein synthesis inhibition: oxytetracycline HCl and gentamicin sulfate; cell wall synthesis inhibition: penicillin G and cephalexin; folic acid synthesis inhibition: Sulfadimethoxine as sodium; and nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: enrofloxacin) using both well-diffusion and microdilution method.
The results of the conducted experiments using well-diffusion method demonstrated that these plants extracts contain bioactive compounds some of which has a weak effect. In vitro interactions between the above mentioned antibiotics and plant extracts using the previous method were mainly additive against the four strains of S. aureus. While in vitro study using microdilution method showed synergistic effects with significant reduction in the MICs of the test antibiotics, resulting from the combination of antibiotics with different crude plant extracts against 3 strains of S. aureus. The change in MIC was noticed in all plant extracts against test antibiotics including these plants showed weak antibacterial activity by well diffusion method. Also our results showed that synergism effects between antimicrobial agents and plant extracts were occurred in both sensitive and resistant strains but the magnitude of minimum fold inhibition in resistant strains was higher than the sensitive strains.
The Feasibility of Family Biogas Production from Mixed
Abstract
Biogas technology is a technology that applied to produce biogas (energy source) and organic fertilizer by anaerobic digestion for organic materials, especially organic wastes that should be disposed off to give more socio-economic and environmental positive impacts.
The success of biogas plants (projects) at an area depends on: - availability of organic materials, cost of constructing, founded energy sources and its costs, experience, knowledge, ambient climate conditions especially temperature, and acceptability for people constructing these plants.
The research concerned with studying the feasibility of family biogas production from mixed organic wastes in Palestinian rural areas by field survey and experiment.
The field survey data support the opinion about the importance of constructing family biogas plants in Palestinian rural areas where the average of rural family members’ number is (6.85) with high average monthly energy cost (45.97 JD) per family or (6.711JD) per capita.
The field survey data also indicate the availability of organic wastes for rural families, since most of these families raise animals (72.47%), and of cultivation activities (87.45%), besides their generated domestic wastes. Moreover; these families follow useless or negative methods for disposing off their: - animals’ dung {collected to be disposed off later, 71.20%}, domestic solid wastes {disposed off in general containers, 75.80%} and waste water {drained off to the cess pits, 89.00%}, in contrast; these families fed their plants and crops residues to animals (70.80%) which is a positive disposing method.
Field survey data reveal Palestinian rural people suffer from negative impacts of organic wastes {reply average percentage, 60.30%}. They have also a positive awareness toward wastes impacts and issues {average percentage, 65.2%}. Attitudes could enhance their acceptance {average percentage, 65.8%} for constructing biogas plants, especially if they provided with financial assistance and necessary knowledge about biogas technol
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley)
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the performance of lactating Awassi ewes when fed the hydroponic barley (HB). HB is fresh forage cultivated without soil or nutrients as fertilizers in part of the experiment and cultivated with raw olive cake as a media in the other. Barley seeds utilized in the research were cultivated in special trays for germination. At one part barley seeds were placed in these trays alone while in the other parts half of the barley seeds were placed on a thin layer of olive cake as a media for germination. For the performance study a total of 20 lactating Awassi ewes were used. The research was based on five feeding groups. In the first ewes were fed a barley basal ration. In the second and third groups, HB was incorporated in rations at levels of 15 and 25%. In the fourth and fifth groups HBOC was fed to ewes at levels of 15 and 25%. The experimental forage was used to replace concentrated feed and part of barley that used in the ration of the control ewes. Milk production and milk components were monitored in this research. Body weight change, health problems, fertility and twin percent were also investigated.
Results of the research showed that HB alone and with OC (HBOC) had various effects on most of the tested parameters. The HB and HBOC mass produced were 10 and 12 kg/ tray. Milk yield and milk total solids were the highest (P<0.05)>
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine
Prepared By Ja'far Abed Al Kareem Dawuod Salahat Supervisor Dr. Hassan Abu QauodAbstract
The effect of different levels of organic fertilizer levels and conventional chemical fertilizer on the production of three barley varieties was studied. The experiment was conducted during the season 2000 / 2001. Four levels of organic manufacture fertilizer (Shaham) (0, 150, 300, 450 kg \ dunum) were use Three barley varieties (Rum, Ryhan and Iba). The factorial treatment (varieties * fertilizers) were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicate for each treatment. the experiment was conducted at Tayaseer area near Jenin. Soil samples were taken before and after conduction of the experiment. The total Yield, grain yield, straw yield, plant length , spike length with and without awns and the weight of 1000 seed were measured. Seed samples were taken from each treatment for further chemical analysis. The results showed that the organic fertilizer increased significantly the total weight , grain weight and the straw weight for the three varieties however Rum variety exhibited significantly higher production than the other varieties. Plant length and spike length were not significantly affected by the organic fertilizer treatments however the weight of 1000 seed significantly decreased with
Pastures in the Eastern Slopes of Palestine
Pastures in the Eastern Slopes of Palestine
By
Najeh Mahmoud Mohammad H. Abed
Supervisors
Dr. Jamal Abo Ommar & Prof. Mohammad Abo Safat
Abstract
Pastures in general and in the eastern slopes in particular have a great role in local livestock sector. Recently, local pastures witnessed a great deal of deterioration. This affects local livestock operations. The objectives of this study were to examine the pastures through different aspects as the plant cover, habitat, problems of overgrazing and those related to the Israeli occupation authority. A well-constructed questionnaire was implemented to obtain data required from the total livestock farmers of about 1600. The study showed that only 20% of the pasture areas in the eastern slopes are accessible by farmers compared to the area before 1967. This limited area is not completely free for grazing as farmers in that district utilize some of the area in cultivation of some field crops. The study showed the limitation of water in the studied area where water is provided though water tanks. More than 70% of farmers in the area of the study are lacking in social, health and veterinary services. It was concluded from the study that plant cover in area is enough for only 10% of livestock population. Some recommendations were given to help improving the conditions of the eastern slopes pastures.
Small Ruminant Systems in Palestine and the Role of Local Agricultural and Industrial by- Products in these Systems Student Name Jamal Amin Mohammad H
Small Ruminant Systems in Palestine and the Role of Local Agricultural and Industrial
by- Products in these Systems
By
Jamal Amin Mohammad Hammad
Supervisor
Dr. Jamal Abo Omar
ABSTRACT
Small ruminants are considered a very important element in the Palestinian agricultural community. This research was conducted to study this important side of the Palestinian agriculture through studying the main raising systems, analyzing them and highlighting these systems. Also, the study aims to search for alternatives for feed for the major agricultural and industrial by- products available in Palestine. A questionnaire was designed to examine the sheep and goats systems. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in Nablus, Salfeet, Tobas and Jordan Valley including 50 villages and city camps. This questionnaire resembles more than 10% of the total registered farmers in th
Effect of Using Organic fertilizers on The Productivity of Local Wheat Varieties
Effect of Using Organic fertilizers on The
Productivity of Local Wheat Varieties
Prepared By Mohammed Omar Ragheb Al- Omari Supervisor Dr. Hassan Abu Qauod AbstractThe effect of different levels of manufactured organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the growth and yield of three wheat varieties was studied. The expirement was conducted during the year 2001-2002 growing season at Biet Qad Agriculture Expirmental Station near Jenin. Five levels of the organic fertilizer were used (100, 300, 400, 500 and 600 kg / dunum Another chemical treatment was used which consists of adding 35 kg / dunum superphosphate and 25 kg/ dunum ammonium sulfate, in addition acontrol treatment was involved a total of 7 fertilizer treatment and 3 varieties were arranged in a completely randomized design of four replicate for each treatment. the following measurement were taken before harvest. Plant hight, Tiller number, number of fruiting tellers. After harvesting: the total weight, grain weight and the straw weight were calculated.
Sample seeds were taken from each replicate for determining the level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The result showed a significiant effect of organic fertilizer treatment over the chemical fertilizer the effect was mainly signficiant on total weight, plant length, number of tillers and the straw weight. Asiginficiant difference was also exhibited by the different varities , mainly for plant height where the hitia variety showed high plant height over the other tow varieties.
Detection of Chlorpyrifos and Penconazole Residues in Grape Leaves and Fruit by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry
An orchard of grapevine was used to determine the residues of chlorpyrifos (Dursban®) and penconazole (Ofir ®) pesticides during the growing season 2003. Samples of grape leaves and fruits (cortex and flesh) were taken from the orchard after application of both pesticides to determine these residues. The effect of the number of sprays, and the time after the spray application on the residues of both pesticides was studied. The effect of washing the previously treated fruits with both pesticides on the residues of the two pesticides was also investigated. Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) was used to determine the residues in grapevine organs and in washing water of treated fruit. Results obtained in this study have indicated the presence of both pesticide residues in all tested samples, but chlorpyrifos residues were detected in larger quantities than penconazole residues. Amounts of residues of both pesticides determined in the fruit cortex were larger than that in the fruit flesh. Their residues in washing water of treated fruits were always lower than that in both cortex and flesh. This indicates the systemic action of both pesticides and therefore the process of washing treated fruit with water two weeks after application of the last spray was not efficient in removing the residues in fruit. Overall results indicated that the determined quantities of chlorpyrifos and penconazole residues in the cortical tissues of treated fruit after application of the 6th sprays of both pesticides were higher than the quantities determined by other authors but they were less than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the residue legislation in the other countries. This will lead us to compensate the increase in the pesticide usage by using other non-chemical practices such as integrated pest management (IPM).
The Use of Treated Gray Water For Irrigation of Rainfed Olives
The effect of different water regimes with different quality on the growth and production of “Nabali” olive cultivars was studied. Three levels of fresh water (20, 25 and 30 CM) and three levels of treated gray waste water (20, 25, and 30 CM) were used. A control treatment without irrigation was also included. Thirty year old olive cv “Nabali” trees were irrigated from April to July with the different water treatments, each level was applied for a tree. Irrigation water was applied by drip laterals. The experiment was conducted as Beit Doko village close to Jerusalem. Gray waste water was treated through a gravel and filter plant. Both types of water significantly increased olive yield compared to that obtained in the control. A higher vegetative growth (shoot number and length) was obtained with higher water level (30 CM / tree) treated water. Higher olive fruit production was obtained with both olive 30 CM / tree of fresh and treated water. Non irrigated trees exhibited the lowest production and shoot growth.
Both higher levels (25 and 30 CM) of water treatment gave significantly higher oil percent, product or oil acidity and refractive index were not highly influenced by water treatments. These results influenced by the water treatments. These results indicated that this kind of treated wastewater is suitable for application to olive orchards.
Estimation of Water Requirements for Livestock Production in Palestine
This study was conducted to estimate water consumption by local livestock. The animals concerned were cattle, sheep and goats. For each species the estimation was based on its physiological stages (age, pregnancy, and lactation), the geographic location, ecological zone and dry matter intake. Three types of water were estimated in order to reach total water use. The direct water intake (drinking water), water indirectly consumed (water used by the different field crops) and water used in processing local livestock carcasses. Regression equations and nutrition tables were applied in the estimation of DWI. The indirect water consumed by animals through feeds were estimated again, according to the physiological stages of animals, district and ecological zone. The water use efficiency of each crop concerned (wheat, barley, vetch, sorghum, sern, was determined. A proposed ration was suggested for each animal species and total amount of water was then estimated. The amounts of water spent in processing of animal carcasses were estimated. The study showed that the daily direct water intake by cattle classes was: 71, 16, 29 and 41L/day for a lactating cow, a calf, a heifer, and bulls, respectively. The direct water intake per day for sheep and goats classes were 9.1, 4.4, 4.1, 7.4, 8.5, 3.7, 3.72 and 6.32 L/day for a lactating ewe, a lamb, a replacement ewe, a ram, a doe, a replacement doe, a kid and a buck, respectively. It was suggested by this study that a 1kg of cattle ration required about 0.903 cubic meter for concentrated ration and 0.934 cubic meter for hay of water, while the water requirement for 1kg of sheep and goats ration was 0,920 cubic meter. The daily water requirement per day (ration requirements) for classes of cattle were-17.18 9.89, 3.58, and 17 cubic meter for, lactating cow, a heifer, a calf and a bull, respectively. While this value for classes of sheep and goats were 1.9, 1.62, 1.62, 3.02, 1.62, 1.52, 0.97 and 2.6 cubic meter for a lactating ewe, replacement ewe, a lamb, a ram, a lactating doe, a replacement ewe, a kid and a buck, respectively. The total water requirement (direct water intake and water consumed through feed) per day was estimated by study to be 17.25, 9.92, 3.59 and 17.1 cubic meter for a lactating cow, heifer, a calf and a bull, respectively. While it was 1.93, 1.63, 1.63, 3.03, 1.63, 1.53, 0.98 and 2.61 for a lactating ewe, a replacement ewe, a lamb, a ram, a lactating doe, a replacement doe, a kid and a buck, respectively. The water used in processing was estimated to be 1100 liters per beef carcass and 270 liter per one carcass of sheep and goats. The total water requirements for all carcasses were 61580 cubic meters.
Performance of Awassi Lambs’ Fed Agricultural Waste Silage
This research was conducted to investigate the utilization of silage made from some agricultural by – products (poultry manure, wheat straw, tomato) for the growth and finishing of Awassi lambs. Silage was made by mixing of poultry manure, wheat straw, and damaged tomato fruit at rates of 50, 25 and 25% respectively. Sugar was added to the mixture at 3 percent to increase the rate of fermentation. Six months later, silage was analyzed for its chemical and physical characteristics. These examinations proved the quality of the silage and it was ready for use in fattening rations. Twenty Awassi lambs were used in the experiment. Lambs were divided into four equal groups. The first group were fed a commercial concentrate (80%) plus (20%) vetch hay. The second, third and fourth groups were fed the commercial concentrate and silage at rate of 15, 30 and 45%, for these groups, respectively. Silage was used to replace hay and partial amount of concentrate. Lambs were fed their rations for 60 days on group basis and their daily feed intake was recorded. Lambs were weighed individually on weekly basis. At the time of termination the trial, three lambs from each group were slaughtered and eviscerated, weight of carcass, visceral organ gastrointestinal tract component, and content were recorded. The performance of lambs fed the 30% silage diet showed more yield than that of other groups. Average daily gain in lambs was 0.34, 0.33, 0.37 and 0.31 kg for lambs fed the control diet to 45% silage, respectively. Similar trends were observed in feed conversion ratios which were 4.8, 4.5, 4.5 and 5.3 kg feed/kg gain for lambs fed the control diet to 45% silage, respectively. The cost of gain was significantly (P <>